Naresh Kumar Hari, Y. B. Venkatakrishnan
A vertex-edge Roman dominating function (or just ve-RDF) of a graph G = (V, E) is a function f : V (G) ? {0, 1, 2} such that for each edge e = uv either max{f (u), f (v)} ? 0 or there exists a vertex w such that either wu ? E or wv ? E and f (w) = 2. The weight of a ve-RDF is the sum of its function values over all vertices. The vertex-edge Roman domination number of a graph G, denoted by ?veR(G), is the minimum weight of a ve-RDF G. We characterize trees with vertexedge roman domination number equal to twice domination number minus one.
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