A drug identification system for intoxicated drivers based on a systematic review

• GONZÁLEZ, Alfonso ^[1] ; RAMOS, Juan ^[1] ; DE PAZ, Juan F. ^[1]
  1. [1] Universidad de Salamanca

     Universidad de Salamanca

     Salamanca, España

     
• Localización: ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal, ISSN-e 2255-2863, Vol. 4, Nº. 4, 2015, págs. 83-101
• Idioma: inglés
• DOI: 10.14201/ADCAIJ20154483101
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Resumen

  • Tests to detect the use of illegal substances among drivers are becoming more common. During these tests, a saliva test is performed and agents observe the driver to determine whether or not they are driving under the influence of psychoactive substances. During the joint control of alcohol and drugs, a breath test is performed followed by a saliva test. In addition, agents use a previously established observation questionnaire to evaluate external signs that the driver may present. This review aims to help expand and improve the questionnaire administered by the traffic officer to the driver, so that upon completing the questionnaire as indicated, it is possible to determine which drug corresponds to the symptoms displayed by the driver. The diagnosis will be facilitated by a software tool that employs the use of decision trees whose gain function has been modified to give different weights to signs and methods. A study was conducted on the symptoms and observable and/or easily detectable signs of drugs detected at sobriety checkpoints. This has enabled the creation of a test that determines the substance consumed by the driver. The proposal facilitates the detection of drugs with the data gathered from the test.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • American Psychiatric Association, 1994. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM). American psychiatric association, 143-7....
  • Bloomfield, M. A., Morgan, C. J., Egerton, A., Kapur, S., Curran, H. V., Howes, O. D., 2014. Dopaminergic function in cannabis users and its...
  • Bloomfield, M. A., Morgan, C. J., Kapur, S., Curran, H. V., & Howes, O. D., 2014. The link between do-pamine function and apathy in cannabis...
  • Chang, K., Wu, C. C., Ying, Y. H., 2012. The effectiveness of alcohol control policies on alcohol-related traffic fatalities in the United...
  • Coffey, S. F., Dansky, B. S., Carrigan, M. H., Brady, K. T., 2000. Acute and protracted cocaine absti-nence in an outpatient population: a...
  • Ghazal, P., Ciccocioppo, R., Ubaldi, M., 2013. Morphine dependence is associated with changes in neu-ropeptide S receptor expression and function...
  • Gjerde, H., Christophersen, A. S., Normann, P. T., & Mørland, J., 2013. Associations between substance use among car and van drivers in...
  • Gjerde, H., Normann, P. T., Christophersen, A. S., Mørland, J. 2011. Prevalence of driving with blood drug concentrations above proposed new...
  • Gordon, C. J., Watkinson, W. P., O'Callaghan, J. P., Miller, D. B., 1991. Effects of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on autonomic thermoregulatory...
  • Gra-a, J. L., Mu-oz, J. J., Navas, E., 2009. Normal and pathological personality characteristics in sub-types of drug addicts undergoing treatment....
  • Greenwald, P. W., Provataris, J., Coffey, J., Bijur, P., Gallagher, E. J., 2005. Low-dose naloxone does not improve morphine-induced nausea,...
  • Griffiths, R. R., Weerts, E. M., 1997. Benzodiazepine self-administration in humans and laboratory ani-mals–implications for problems of long-term...
  • Heal, D. J., Smith, S. L., Gosden, J., Nutt, D. J., 2013. Amphetamine, past and present–a pharmacological and clinical perspective. Journal...
  • Hingson, R., Winter, M., 2003. Epidemiology and consequences of drinking and driving. Alcohol Re-search and Health, 27(1), 63-78.
  • Hood, S. D., Norman, A., Hince, D. A., Melichar, J. K., Hulse, G. K., 2014. Benzodiazepine dependence and its treatment with low dose flumazenil....
  • Jones, J. D., Mogali, S., Comer, S. D., 2012. Polydrug abuse: a review of opioid and benzodiazepine combination use. Drug and alcohol dependence,...
  • Kedzior, K. K., Laeber, L. T., 2014. A positive association between anxiety disorders and cannabis use or cannabis use disorders in the general...
  • Kosten, T. R., O'Connor, P. G., 2003. Management of drug and alcohol withdrawal. New England Jour-nal of Medicine, 348(18), 1786-1795....
  • Leonard, B. E., 2004. Fundamentals of psychopharmacology. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Licata, S. C., Rowlett, J. K., 2008. Abuse and dependence liability of benzodiazepine-type drugs: GABA A receptor modulation and beyond. Pharmacology...
  • Liu, X. Y., Liu, Z. C., Sun, Y. G., Ross, M., Kim, S., Tsai, F. F., Li, Q.F., Jeffry, J., Kim, J.Y., Loh, H.H., Chen, Z. F., 2011. Unidirectional...
  • Lorenzo, L., Leza, L. H., Fernandez, P. L., 2003. Drogodependencias, tercera ed. Médica Panamericana. Madrid
  • Macdonald, S., Mann, R. E., Chipman, M., & Anglin-Bodrug, K., 2004. Collisions and traffic violations of alcohol, cannabis and cocaine...
  • Mackie, K., 2008. Cannabinoid receptors: where they are and what they do. Journal of neuroendocrinology, 20(s1), 10-14. [51] http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01671.x
  • Madras, B., Kuhar, M., 2014. The Effects of Drug Abuse on the Human Nervous System, first ed. Aca-demic Press. San Diego
  • Mannelli, P., Peindl, K., Wu, L. T., Patkar, A. A., Gorelick, D. A., 2012. The combination very low-dose naltrexone-clonidine in the management...
  • Matinfar, M., Esfahani, M. M., Aslany, N., Davoodi, S. H., Parsaei, P., Zarei, G., Reisi, P., 2013. Effect of repeated morphine withdrawal...
  • McAuley, J. W., Passen, N., Prusa, C., Dixon, J., Cotterman-Hart, S., Shneker, B. F., 2015. An evaluation of the impact of memory and mood...
  • McCord, J., Jneid, H., Hollander, J. E., de Lemos, J. A., Cercek, B., Hsue, P., Gibler, W.B., Ohman, E.M., Drew, B., Philippides, G,Newby,...
  • McDowell, D. M., Spitz, H. I., 1999. Substance abuse: From principles to practice. Psychology Press. Philadelphia
  • Mehta, P. M., Grainger, T. A., Lust, R. M., Movahed, A., Terry, J., Gilliland, M. G. F., Jolly, S. R., 1995. Effect of Cocaine on Left Ventricular...
  • Miyamoto, T., Patapoutian, A., 2011. Why does morphine make you itch?. Cell, 147(2), 261-262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.09.026
  • Mørland, J., Steentoft, A., Simonsen, K. W., Ojanperä, I., Vuori, E., Magnusdottir, K., Kristinsson, J., Ceder, G., Kronstrand, R., Christophersen,...
  • Motaghinejad, M., Motevalian, M., Asadi-Ghalehni, M., & Motaghinejad, O., 2014. Attenuation of mor-phine withdrawal signs, blood cortisol...
  • Mura, P., Chatelain, C., Dumestre, V., Gaulier, J. M., Ghysel, M. H., Lacroix, C., Kergueris, M. F., Lhermitte, M., Moulsma, M., Pépin, G.,...
  • Muscholl, E., 1961. Effect of cocaine and related drugs on the uptake of noradrenaline by heart and spleen. British journal of pharmacology...
  • Nettleton, S., Neale, J., Pickering, L., 2011. Techniques and transitions: A sociological analysis of sleeping practices amongst recovering...
  • Ojaniemi, K. K., Lintonen, T. P., Impinen, A. O., Lillsunde, P. M., Ostamo, A. I., 2009. Trends in driving under the influence of drugs: a...
  • Pati-o, N. M., 2008. Farmacologia medica/Medical Pharmacology, primera ed. Médica Panamericana. Madrid
  • Pidd, K., Roche, A. M., 2014. How effective is drug testing as a workplace safety strategy? A systematic review of the evidence. Accident...
  • Radhakrishnan, R., Wilkinson, S. T., D'Souza, D. C., 2014. Gone to Pot – A Review of the Association between Cannabis and Psychosis. Frontiers...
  • Ricci, G., Majori, S., Mantovani, W., Zappaterra, A., Rocca, G., Buonocore, F., 2008. Prevalence of alco-hol and drugs in urine of patients...
  • Rudisill, T. M., Zhao, S., Abate, M. A., Coben, J. H., Zhu, M., 2014. Trends in drug use among drivers killed in US traffic crashes, 1999–2010....
  • Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., Ruiz, P., 2014. Kaplan and Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sci-ences/clinical psychiatry, eleventh...
  • Sonnenberg, C. M., Bierman, E. J., Deeg, D. J., Comijs, H. C., van Tilburg, W., Beekman, A. T., 2012. Ten-year trends in benzodiazepine use...
  • Spear, L. P., Swartzwelder, H. S., 2014. Adolescent alcohol exposure and persistence of adolescent-typical phenotypes into adulthood: a mini-review....
  • Stahl, S. M., 2013. Stahl's essential psychopharmacology: neuroscientific basis and practical applica-tions, fourth ed. Cambridge university...
  • Sullivan, J. G., Webster, L., 2015. Novel Buccal Film Formulation of Buprenorphine-Naloxone for the Maintenance Treatment of Opioid Dependence:...
  • Teixeira-Gomes, A., Costa, V. M., Feio-Azevedo, R., de Lourdes Bastos, M., Carvalho, F., Capela, J. P. S., 2014. The neurotoxicity of amphetamines...
  • Vallejo, M. S., Vallejo, S., Rodrigo, P., Ruiz, P., 2010. Tratado de Psicofarmacología, sgunda ed. Médica Panamericana. Madrid
  • Voshaar, R. C. O., Couvée, J. E., Van Balkom, A. J., Mulder, P. G., Zitman, F. G., 2006. Strategies for discontinuing long-term benzodiazepine...
  • Wang, Q., Yue, X. F., Qu, W. M., Tan, R., Zheng, P., Urade, Y., Huang, Z. L., 2013. Morphine inhibits sleep-promoting neurons in the ventrolateral...
  • Woods, J. H., Winger, G., 1995. Current benzodiazepine issues. Psychopharmacology, 118(2), 107-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245824
  • Woratanarat, P., Ingsathit, A., Suriyawongpaisal, P., Rattanasiri, S., Chatchaipun, P., Wattayakorn, K., Anukarahanonta, T., 2009. Alcohol,...
  • World Health Organization (Ed.). 2009. Global status report on road safety: time for action. World Health Organization. Geneva
  • Wrege, J., Schmidt, A., Walter, A., Smieskova, R., Bendfeldt, K., Radue, E. W., Lang, U.E., Borgwardt, S., 2014. Effects of cannabis on impulsivity:...
  • Yuan, Y., Zaidi, S. A., Elbegdorj, O., Aschenbach, L. C. K., Li, G., Stevens, D. L., Scoggins, K.L., Dewey, W.L., Selley, D.E., Zhang, Y.,...
  • Zorumski, C. F., Mennerick, S., Izumi, Y. 2014. Acute and chronic effects of ethanol on learning-related synaptic plasticity. Alcohol, 48(1),...