In this paper some numerical restrictions for surfaces with an involution are obtained. These formulas are used to study surfaces of general type S with pg = q = 1 having an involution i such that S/i is a non-ruled surface and such that the bicanonical map of S is not composed with i. A complete list of possibilities is given and several new examples are constructed, as bidouble covers of surfaces. In particular the first example of a minimal surface of general type with pg = q = 1 and K 2 = 7 having birational bicanonical map is obtained.
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