Let E be an elliptic curve defined over Q, of conductor N and without complex multiplication. For any positive integer l, let phil be the Galois representation associated to the l-division points of E. From a celebrated 1972 result of Serre we know that phil is surjective for any sufficiently large prime l. In this paper we find conditional and unconditional upper bounds in terms of N for the primes l for which phil is not surjective.
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