Water mass exchange between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean and Baltic seas from GRACE/GRACE-FO Missions and ERA5 Data

• Boulahia, Ahmed Kamel ^[1] ; García García, David ^[1] ; Sayol, Juan Manuel ^[1] ; Vigo, M. Isabel ^[1] ; Vargasalemañy, Juan A ^[1] ; Trottini, Mario ^[1]
  1. [1] Universitat d'Alacant

     Universitat d'Alacant

     Alicante, España

     
• Localización: 10.ª Asamblea Hispano-Portuguesa de Geodesia y Geofísica: artículos, 2023, ISBN 978-84-416-7540-7, págs. 167-176
• Idioma: inglés
• Enlaces
  • Texto Completo Libro
• Resumen

  • Since 2002, with the launch of the GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite mission time-variable gravity (TVG) data is available. Once all known geophysical signals are removed, we can monitor the mass transport on the Earth’s surface, which is mainly driven by water mass redistribution. In this work we present an application of TVG data to estimate the water mass exchange between basins.

    The Mediterranean and Baltic seas are semi-enclosed basins that exchange water with the Atlantic Ocean. We have estimated the amount of these net water mass exchanges through the Strait of Gibraltar and the Strait of Skagerrak from GRACE and GRACE Follow-On TVG observations in combination with precipitation and evaporation data from ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis for the period 2002–2022. The dynamics of the water cycle is quite different in each case of study. On the one hand, the Mediterranean Sea presents a net inflow from the Atlantic Ocean of 981 ± 57 km3 /year, which is evaporated together with the 592 ± 24 km3 /year received from the continents and 275 ± 18 km3 /year from the Black Sea. On the other hand, the Baltic Sea provides a net flow into the Atlantic Ocean of 674 ± 32 km3 /year, which is produced thanks to 621 ± 21 km3 /year coming from the continents and 72 ± 7 km3 /year from net precipitation. In total, the Atlantic Ocean loses 295 ± 65 km3 /year during the water exchange with the Mediterranean and Baltic seas. This exchange is nonuniform along the year since it presents a strong seasonal variability, with a maximum net outflow from the Atlantic Ocean of 2288 ± 195 km3 /year in September, and a maximum net inflow of 1335 ± 242 km3 /year in May. This seasonality is induced by the seasonality of the Gibraltar flux (maximum net inflow into the Mediterranean of 2651 ± 176 km3 /year in September and a non-significant net exchange in April), and the exchange with the Baltic Sea (maximum net outflow from the Baltic of 1037 ± 100 km3 /year takes place in May and minimum net outflow of 335±95 km3 /year in September).

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