Eficiencia versus equidad en localización: aplicación al diseño de infraestructuras

• Autores: María José Canós Darós , Manuel Mocholi Arce , María Luisa Martínez Romero
• Localización: Rect@: Revista Electrónica de Comunicaciones y Trabajos de ASEPUMA, ISSN-e 1575-605X, Vol. 10, Nº. 1, 2009, págs. 59-76
• Idioma: español
• Enlaces
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• Resumen
  • español

    Los problemas de localización consisten en determinar la correcta ubicación de centros de servicio (fábricas, almacenes, hospitales, etc.). Difieren unos de otros en el objetivo que se persigue alcanzar con cada uno de ellos. Tradicionalmente en el sector privado el objetivo ha sido el de la eficiencia, consistente en determinar la ubicación que hace que el coste sea mínimo (problema de la p-mediana), mientras que en el sector público se buscan soluciones equitativas (problema del p-centro). En el primer caso se trata de soluciones que aunque eficientes pueden resultar injustas para algunos usuarios, mientras que en el segundo la equidad puede producir soluciones ineficientes. Por este motivo nos planteamos el problema de la p-centdiana que proporciona soluciones de compromiso y lo resolvemos con modelos de programación matemática. Estos modelos los aplicamos a la localización de centros de servicio en la ciudad de Kinshasa (República Democrática del Congo).

  • English

    Location models in public and private sectors share the objective of optimizing any utility measure that satisfies some constraints, but they differ in how to establish the objective and the constraints. Decisions in the private sector involve a big amount of characteristics, including non-economic ones, but they assume, as a reasonable objective, minimizing the cost or maximizing the profit. Public location decisions are answers to social demands and the objective in this case is to maximize a benefit or to minimize a cost non-based in monetary terms. This idea leads to the inclusion of the concept of a compromise solution, namely pcentdian that is a convex combination between p-median (efficiency) and p-center (equity). In this paper we solve de p-centdian problem by using mathematical programming models. We use these models to locate some facilities in Kinshasa.

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